Women s Role During The Twentieth Century - 1884 Words

The twentieth century is known as the historically transitional period of women’s roles in society not only in America but also all over the globe. Early the twentieth century, women began to question their positions and rights. They found that their value didn’t just stop at domestic work. They no longer wanted to be seen a potential source of †help† for men but wanted to take part in the process of society’s development like any other men. Even in literature, many famous authors started to indicate women’s role through their novels. Mostly, this foundational period of women movement was usually emphasized within the frontier context. Thus, it was believed that the transition and progress between the Western countryside and big city in the East play a big role in the changes of women themselves as well as the society’s perspective toward women. Women began to approach other opportunities to work different types of jobs other than just s taying home doing housework. Also, women held many responsibilities during the westward expansion, such as managing the movement of households overland, establishing social activities in pioneer settlements, and sharing the hard labor of farming new land. Eventually, frontier towns attracted women who worked as laundresses and seamstresses, and organized church societies and other reform movements. In other words, the born of Feminism took place and was impacted by the Westward movement. Willa Cather strongly represented the new beginning forShow MoreRelatedWomen ´s Role During the Twentieth Century: Susan Glaspell1137 Words   |  5 Pagesa variety of symbols in her play to demonstrate the stereotypical view and treatment of women by men during the start of the twentieth century. She intricately portrays the female characters in her story as intelligent, but passive due to the fact that males dismiss their ideas and conversations as unimportant. The play, Trifles, uses multiple symbols to show how men fail to recognize the intelligence of women, and oppress the feminists’ way of thinking throughout society. The title, Trifles, suggestsRead MoreFeminism Is Not About Making Women Stronger1441 Words   |  6 Pagesmaking women stronger. Women are already strong. It s about changing the way the world perceives that strength. - G.D Anderson      Our culture in the early Twentieth Century was biased in many ways, as it still is to this day in the Twenty-first Century. One of the major struggles were men s biased writing about women. Many women then and to this day still stand up and try to fight for equality. Women used to be  given certain roles to be a part of society in our history. One of the main roles wasRead MoreWomen s Gender And Gender Roles955 Words   |  4 PagesIn terms of the heterosexual majority, respectability applied deeply to women and their gender roles as wives, because it was the way to distinguish between good and oversexed women (Kushner 9/25/15). The characteristics of women consisted of being pious, pure and religious, as they were the moral superiors to men (Kushner, 9/25/15). This moral superiority linked to the idea that Cott presents of female passionlessness, which was the result of subsequent lack of sexual aggressiveness (Cott 1987:Read MoreThe Role Of Gender As A Symbol Of Femininity1240 Words   |  5 PagesThe role of gender was evidently defined before the twentieth century. However, the twentieth century brought a lot of changes to women and their condition, inside and outside the house. Women started getting appreciated in the previously male dominating society. However, this didn’t last for long and by the mid-century men continued their dominating role back in the society. Tennessee Williams wrote this play in the fifties when this change was happening in society. In this play, male dominanceRead MoreOppression in Cuckoos Nest1621 Words   |  7 Pagesoppress women and Native Americans. â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest,† and â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own,† are similar due to the fact that they both metaphorically represent racism in the United States; it is clearly displayed through entrapment, subjugation of people, and prejudicial undertones used to limit the societal roles of those who face bigotry. The forced entrapment of Chief Bromden in â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest,† represents the forsaken lives of the Native Americans during theRead MoreHow Chinese Culture Has Changed Over The Years1509 Words   |  7 Pagestraced back many centuries. It is so diverse and unique, yet harmoniously blended, and presents itself a priceless benefit to the world. One of the integral parts of Chinese culture that was not thoroughly discussed in class is the role Chinese women played in ancient traditional society and how it has transformed in the many historical changes is the way of life in china. I aim to speak on women in ancient times, women at the end of feudal society as well as the role of women in present day ChinaRead MoreA Fierce Discontent By Michael Mcgerr, The Jungle By Upton Sinclair And Industrial Workers911 Words   |  4 Pagesand roles began to shift. Many farmers moved their families into the cities and began working in factories. Not only did men work in these factories, but many women did as well. During the beginning of the twentieth century we begin to see a huge rise in women in the work force. In the novels A Fierce Discontent by Michael McGerr, The Jungle by Upton Sinclair and Industrial Workers in Chicago by Lizabeth Cohen, each author paints a picture of what lives of different individuals was like during thisRead MoreFlappers, Conservativism and Changes in Fashion1103 Words   |  4 PagesSince the early twentieth century, there have been many fads and changes in the fashion industry. From cloche hats in the early 1900s, to big hair in the 1980s and to the low rise of jeans of the present day fashion still continues to evolve with the way society changes. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines fashion as, a popular way of dressing at a particular time or among a particular group of people. Throughout history, fashion has been changing. Whether it is a group wanting to make a fashionRead MoreGender And Its Role Is Affected By Direct And Indirect External Factors1279 Words   |  6 Pagesidea of gender and its role is affected by direct and indirect external factors. Since the beginning of time in European Society, women have constantly been viewed and treated as inferiors to men. Specifically, women have wanted to stray away from the socially constructed idea of being perceived as domesti cated beings. As the Victorian era came to the end, women yearned for that change. When the twentieth century approached, women actively desired to alter the gender role that had been set for themRead MoreThe Straight State : Homosexuality And Citizenship During Twentieth Century America Essay1416 Words   |  6 Pagesto light during the twentieth century and is still prevalent today. There are arguments by certain individuals that claim that discrimination of those who identify as non-heterosexual have disappeared. I would argue that such discrimination is still alive and present in our modern society. Very noticeable today with the values of our Vice-President Elect Mike Pence who thinks that homosexuality can be â€Å"fixed† through electric shock therapy. Values like this are similar to that held during the twentieth

Poem Essay - 1284 Words

Foreign Policy Debate The Current U.S foreign policy in the Middle East has a goal to advance peace, security, and prosperity in the Middle East. The Current foreign Policy is also supposed to defeat Al-Qa’ida and its extremist affiliates in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The United States Foreign policy protects the U.S citizens by governing international relations, but the current U.S. foreign policy undermines our national security in the Middle East, through drone strikes, the war in Afghanistan, and using a â€Å"hands-off† approach in Syria which has created the U.S. to becoming a target to Middle Eastern Countries. The Current U.S. foreign policy does undermine our national security through sending troops to Afghanistan. America is†¦show more content†¦Facts do not support the U.S. involvement \and does â€Å"not justify the continued military occupation of the country† (Cushman 1). Again, by having troops in other places besides the U.S., fighting other countries wars, hurts national security back in the United States, because it leaves our home boarders unprotected. Another issue that threatens our nation security due to the current Foreign Policy is drone strikes. The U.S. has dramatically increased the number of drone strikes against al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula jeopardizing long term national security goals (5). President Barack Obama sent and continues to send drones to places such as Pakistan. The drones are inaccurate and the end result is killing innocent people who are not the overall target. For example, a drone strike that was meant for a building where a local rebel group was placed hits and kills that building, but also innocent bystanders and citizens. By sending drone strikes and killing innocent people it angers countries such as Pakistan. By using drone strikes it promotes an image that the U.S. is uncaring and as responsible for the deaths of innocents, people adopt radical revenge ideologies, perpetuating terrorism (5) . The current state of our legal documents that govern drone use are murky and unclear which opens the U.S. to international criticism that affects our national security (5). A country that is angry at the U.S. will take action and harm citizens which therefore hurt ourShow MoreRelatedShakespeare s Sonnets Of 14 Lines1542 Words   |  7 Pagespoetry of the time. Additionally, he uses imagery later in the poem; â€Å"darling buds of May† and given away to the â€Å"eternal sun.† In the second line, the speaker says his beloved is lovely and more constant and this is the only line in the sonnet about the qualities of the lover. The next eleven lines are devoted to a comparison, distinguishing the young man from a summer’s day and why summer isn’t all great. Throughout the poem, you will find examples of personification; Summer â€Å"to short a lease†Read More Sonnets: The Power of Love Essay1581 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloped was that of his poems as a device to help his lady or himself, or to exalt their love to posterity. For example, in Son net 55, Shakespeare says his poetry will immortalize his lady. He writes, So, till the judgment that yourself arise/ You live in this, and dwell in lovers eyes. Because he loves her so much, he attempts to allow her to live forever, which he thinks he can do through his sonnets. In Sonnet 23, Shakespeare says that when the lovers die, he wants his poems to be a window backRead MoreShakespeares Exploration in Sonnet 2 of the Themes of Age and Beauty1459 Words   |  6 Pagesemphasise the summing up at the end. Shakespeare uses the typical Iambic sonnet form and the method of creating an argument then supplying a counter argument and answer through a volter, which may be placed at different points in the poem. It contains three quatrains and a couplet into which Shakespeare manages to fit his argument so that it is complimented by this form. In this case the first quatrain is the fundamental description, which seems to prepare the readerRead MoreThe Lady Of Shalott And My Last Duchess1765 Words   |  8 PagesThere are many poems about love, but fewer poems about the dynamics of that love, of the power structure inherent in heterosexual relationships. Two poems that don’t seem to have much in common at first glance â€Å"The Lady of Shalott† and â€Å"My Last Duchess† make these power dynamics a central theme of their respective plots. Specifically, these poems put a huge emphasis on how women interact with men, and revolve around a feminine need for male approval, even in death. In this paper I will examine theRead More Reality in Wallace Stevens’ The Man with the Blue Guitar Essay2476 Words   |  10 Pagesrealization that the meaning of a poem is not truth, always recognizing that the poem is the poets perception of reality. This perception of reality is based on experience, historical context, and poetic skill, among others. â€Å"The Man with the B lue Guitar† is a long poem that allows Stevens to change perspectives and create abstract realities. Parataxis in such a long poem allows for the decreation of reality and the relation of imagination. In his book, The long poems of Wallace Stevens: An interpretiveRead MoreThe Foundation Of Image : William Shakespeare1323 Words   |  6 Pagestheir reader’s head in order to bring a story to life. William Shakespeare was nowhere shy of doing these things. He compared aspects of life such as love, time, nature, death and even sickness to each other to create themes and importance to his poems. Many of them show strong feelings which showed the strong passion he had for writing. His passion carries along today because it painted a picture for new writers to create works that would change literature and views of life altogether. What madeRead MoreEssay on Amer. Lit2033 Words   |  9 Pagesused in Shakespeare’s assigned sonnets, Herrick’s â€Å"To the Virgins,† and Marvell’s â€Å"To His Coy Mistress.† Although their images differ, what do all these poets seem to be saying about time? Be specific when referring to the poems. The imagery is very different, but all of the poems and poets seem to be saying time is important in life. In Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 he says, â€Å"And every fair from fair sometime declines,† when explaining the inevitable decline in appearance of his friend (Line 7). In Shakespeare’sRead MoreLiterature Through Time1143 Words   |  5 Pagesonly after he started following the holy path was he special. The themes of transformation, of divine interference, of being elevated by Christ, change and are altogether forgotten by the time we reach Shakespearean sonnets. Even the way that one poem is written from another, with Bede writing more in the style of homer while Shakespeare creates a styling format that will forever be associated with him, Shakespearean sonnets are written in 14 lines which end in a rhyming couplet. Shakespeare’sRead More The Ghastly Writings of Poe Essay1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ghastly Writings of Poe Edgar Allen Poe makes tales of imagination and fantasies the irrefutable realms of fear. His tales and poems â€Å"have influenced the literary schools of symbolism†¦as well as the popular genres of detective and horror fiction (Stern xxxviii). However, as many of Poe’s tales and poems conjure terror and trepidation, they also penetrate the imagination with fantasy. Poe repeatedly attempts and succeeds at making his readers endure analogous feelings as those charactersRead More The Wifes Lament Essay1532 Words   |  7 Pagescan be found due to the fact that whoever wrote this poem is dead and that the answer will always be in speculation even if it is correct. Hopefully, at the end of this quest I will be slightly more enlightened as to who the true speaker may really be. There are some things that we do know about this poem. It is most often referred to as an elegy because of the mood of mourning and regret. Upon further reading I discovered that this poem is like others of its time period. Many parallels

Strategic Workforce Planning in Retail Sector-Samples for Students

Question: Analyze the different kind of crucial elements of the strategic workforce planning in the entire retail industry. Answer: Introduction The essay helps in analyzing the different kind of crucial elements of the strategic workforce planning in the entire retail industry. The different kind of challenges has to be addressed in an effectual manner with the usage of the different literatures as this will help in addressing the same in an effectual manner. The main aim and purpose of the essay is to understand the fundamental elements of the workforce planning in the retail industry specifically in Wal-Mart that is headquartered in United Kingdom. The challenges have to be described effectually as this will help in resolving the issues in an effectual manner. The structure of the essay includes the different kind of challenges that is faced by the retail industry wherein the different kind of solutions will be provided to resolve the issues in an efficient manner. Strategic Workforce Planning in Retail Sector Strategic Workforce Planning is essential in the different kind of organizations as this will help them in creating a working environment that is effective and efficient in nature. Goodman, French Battaglio Jr, (2015) has commented that proper workforce planning is required in order to bring and provide clarity in the plans of the organization along with description of the different kind of analytical functions as well. However, on the other hand Rees et al., (2018) commented that workforce planning requires continual procedure to align the different kind of needs along with priorities of the organization. For instance- Workforce Planning at Wal-Mart is continual in nature wherein the respective company recruits different kind of employees by conducting proper recruitment and selection process along with job descriptions along with person specifications. Proper job description has been provided to the company wherein the person specification has been provided in an effectual manner wherein the different skills are met in an effectual manner. Fagerstrm, Lnning Andersen, (2014) has commented that the different kind of components of the workforce planning is essential in nature as this will reduce the turnover rates along with forecasts of the potential retirements along with analysis of the performance management activities. However, on the other hand, Cohen, Blake Goodman (2016) commented that workforce planning is essential in nature wherein this will help in supporting the different kind of planning along with talent forecasts. Workforce planning helps in supporting the forecasting and budgeting process wherein it helps in identification of skill gaps in the organization along with analysis of the areas of the concern. For instance- Wal-Mart has introduced workforce planning in their organization wherein proper adoption of the new ideas has helped in analysis of the internal environment and action plan has helped the company in making the workforce planning effectual in nature. In order to make their organization high performing, Wal-Mart has developed proper budget and goal setting for them that has helped them in gaining competitive advantage in recruiting and selecting the employees efficiently as well. Crucial Components of strategic workforce planning There is different kind of crucial components of the strategic workforce planning wherein it is seen that main components are as follows: Firstly, De Bruecker et al., (2015) has commented that proper clarity of the different goals of the organizations is essential in nature wherein this will provide the company with different kind of techniques to solve the workforce planning issues and implement the strategies such as implement the process of planning with the help of the recruitment and selection process as this will help in providing clarity to the activities performed by the organization efficiently. On the other hand, Cohen, Blake Goodman (2016) has commented that the clarity of the different policies and procedures is essential in nature that is required to be adopted by the organization as this will help them in understanding the actual organizational structure of the organization effectually. For instance, Wal-Mart has helped in planning the different processes in a manner such that has helped them in managing the technological advancements. Wal-Mart has tried to analyze the gap in their recruitment and selection process along with specification of the jobs provided to the employees as well. Wal-Mart has tried to make different kind of adjustments along with other updates that has helped the company in improving their image relating to the planning of workforce in the entire market. Buchan et al., (2015) commented that workforce planning has helped the companies in identifying the different kind of skill gaps with proper planning and provides consistent reporting of the different results to quantify the different outcomes effectively. However, Cohen, Blake Goodman (2016) has stated that the turnover rates are increasing at a huge rate in retail sector as the planning process is at fault and the organizations are not in a position to take proper care to reduce such issues effectually as well. Challenges faced by organizations during Workforce planning implementation Workforce planning is an essential aspect of any organization. According to Cascio (2018), workforce planning can be described as a process whereby the organization aims to align the priorities of any organization with the suitability of the workforce to see to it that the service, production, legislative and regulatory requirements of the organization is met with. In this section the challenges related to the workforce planning will be discussed along with relevant examples related to the retail industry. The first challenge that is faced during the implementation of workforce planning in the retail industry in a company like Wal-Mart is that the leaders do not want to be taken accountable for the talent management activities (Walmart.com., 2018). Koochaki et al. (2013), states that although business leaders agree that the talent management is essential for the core functioning of the organization , the leaders do not essentially take full accountability for the results which are dries. The primary reason for the given gap is that they tend to have a fear regarding the HR administrative burden, complex procedures and talent management risks. The performance of the teams in a company like Wal-Mart needs to be managed carefully and continuously. Successful management of the performance may lead to better results of the organization. However as stated by Goetsch and Davis (2014), the business leaders do not want to take the burden of managing this and they often go back on their responsi bilities. The second challenge relates to the challenge of identifying critical organization roles. According to Cascio (2018), understanding of various job roles, descriptions, hiring profiles, competencies and other job attributes play a crucial role in hiring the right kind of people for the organization. The retail supermarket Wal-mart, is a customer centric organization whereby the employees of the organization need to remain in direct contact with the customers and thus they require a specific set of skills and this is the task of workforce planning to identify the right kind of skills that need to be present in the employee. The identification of these skills is a crucial task which many members of the organization are unable to undertake. The third challenge that is faced by organizations during workforce planning relates to the problem of accessing relevant workforce data. According to Williams (2013), the data with respect to the candidates and the employees need to be analyzed carefully, which will then enable them to make smart choices regarding their organization requirements. Very often due to the high availability of data, the company is unable to have the success of the right kind of data and this leads to problems. The managers at Wal-Mart face a similar problem whereby there exists a lack of relevant data which then causes problems. The fourth challenge is related to the leadership management in an organization. Very often industries look out for top 10 leaders or top 100 leaders, however, according to Armstrong and Taylor (2014) , in retail companies like Wal-Mart, the focus needs to be on the establishment of leadership pipelines deeper within an organization. As the retail industry is a customer centric industry, the companies face problems related to uncovering the talent of professionals in an organization which often get missed out during the workforce planning. As per Koochaki et al. (2013), a lack of this process may lead to the de-motivation of the employees which may then hinder their career development. Career development forms an essential part of the organization especially in a fast moving industry like that of Wal-Mart and a lack of it may cause higher turnover. The last challenge which may be faced by Wal-Mart in relation to workforce planning may be alignment of Human Capital Management with the Business Strategy. According to Goetsch and Davis (2014), it is very important for any organization to align the HCM strategy with the Business Strategy in order to create a successful workforce. Various talent management strategies need to be implemented under the business strategies. However, in reality Wal-Mart has been facing problems in relation to the alignment of the human resource strategy with the business strategy and for this reason, the workforce has a high turnover, which then leads to poor performance of the supermarket. Conclusion Therefore, from the given study on the critical components of workforce planning and the related challenges, it could be gathered that Workforce planning forms an essential part of an organization. Without a proper department which looks after the human resource of the organization, the firm will not be able to retain long term employees and become successful. The concerned organization taken for the assignment belonging to the retail industry is Wal-Mart. However, the essential elements of workforce planning like clarity in a firm and proper identification of gap is lacking in Wal-Mart and they need to take corrective measures for it. The various challenges being faced by them have been discussed. References Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Buchan, J., Twigg, D., Dussault, G., Duffield, C., Stone, P. W. (2015). Policies to sustain the nursing workforce: an international perspective.International nursing review,62(2), 162-170. Cascio, W. (2018).Managing human resources. McGraw-Hill Education. Cohen, G., Blake, R. S., Goodman, D. (2016). Does turnover intention matter? Evaluating the usefulness of turnover intention rate as a predictor of actual turnover rate.Review of Public Personnel Administration,36(3), 240-263. De Bruecker, P., Van den Bergh, J., Belin, J., Demeulemeester, E. (2015). Workforce planning incorporating skills: State of the art.European Journal of Operational Research,243(1), 1-16. Fagerstrm, L., Lnning, K., Andersen, M. H. (2014). The RAFAELA system: a workforce planning tool for nurse staffing and human resource management.Nursing Management (2014+),21(2), 30. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Goodman, D., French, P. E., Battaglio Jr, R. P. (2015). Determinants of local government workforce planning.The American Review of Public Administration,45(2), 135-152. Koochaki, J., Bokhorst, J. A., Wortmann, H., Klingenberg, W. (2013). The influence of condition-based maintenance on workforce planning and maintenance scheduling.International Journal of Production Research,51(8), 2339-2351. Rees, G. H., Crampton, P., Gauld, R., MacDonell, S. (2018). Rethinking health workforce planning: Capturing health system social and power interactions through actor analysis. Futures. Walmart.com. (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.walmart.com/ [Accessed 13 Apr. 2018]. Williams, C. (2013).Principles of management. South-Western Cengage Learning.

Supportive Communication free essay sample

Supportive Communication BY sheep0803 Topic: Supportive Communication In this essay we are going to discuss and evaluate a kind of interpersonal communication that helps managers to communicate accurately and honestly without Jeopardizing interpersonal relationships namely, supportive communication (Cole 1999). Positive supportive communication not only can enhance personal image and social acceptance, also is an essential value in organization. Bentley (1999) point out that, with supportive communication, organization have this positive relationship tends to have a higher productivity, faster problem solving leads o less conflict between managers and employees, even individual feel more successful because of higher leanings. It means that supportive communication is an important tool to help organization to accomplish their goals. To build up an effective and efficient organizing, there is a need of supportive environment, good leadership and effective communication. It is an advantage to both company and individuals. This essay is going to illustrate how supportive communication affect an organization and the factors involved in maintaining and building an effective organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Supportive Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this essay, there are three different peer- reviewed articles, which talk about supportive communication in the frame work within an organization, academic stress and health. According to the information in U. S. Bureau of Labor (2004), over 50% of the married households were reckoned to have dual-income. Dual income means that both parents were working. Families with children at home would require more fund to support. However, both parents working will create difficult struggle for them to balance between work and family demands. There is a good example that showed the serious of this problem. Hill, Hawkins, Ferris, and Weitzman (2001) had done a survey on 6451 IBM employees. The result has shown that around 50% of the participants reported to have problem to maintain balance between work and family. To improve this situation Clark (2000) had introduced a border theory. This theory framework is focus on how to manage relationship between work and family o create and maintain balance. This theory will describe later in this essay. Another example that appeared supportive communication is relevant there was a questionnaire packet survey on instruments relevant to the present study interspersed with other, on-relevant instruments has taken at two Eastern universities. 739 of questionnaires had been collected. Xu and Burleson (2001) had an Expericenced Support instrument to measure the scale. The result of the survey shown that students standard of feeling stress is 5 (degree form 1-7, 1 is strongly disagree and 7 is strongly agree). This example shown students are feeling stressed and how much informational supportive communication received from closed friends and families are essential to release this problem. Emotional support, like, attentive listening, and nformational support, such as advice and training, had been use to solve this problem in this survey. More about that will describe later in this essay. The last students attended college fail to obtain a bachelor degree. To help these academic- at-risk student Center for Basic Skill (CBS) programs provide support to students, such as academic support and personal advice support, this is supportive communication. With this program students can better off to get retention in college. The author also use two models to evaluate this risk, they are Epidemiological Model, Social Constructivist Model. These two model help to reduce number of at-risk- student. Further detail on how to help students by supportive communication will discuss later in this essay. This essay emphasize that how important the balance between interaction of work envoironment and interaction between family environment. We have discuss in pervious part of the essay that 50% of the Americans families suffer in uneven distribution communication between family and work and Clark (2000) had introduced a border theory to improve this problem. . This interaction between these two factors family and work, is the central focus in border theory. Border theory is helping people according to individual situation, to create and maintain balance. Clark (2000) got her idea for work/family border theory based on concept of Lewin (1996) conception of regions to divide boundaries within individuals lifespace. However, Clark state that ambiguous may occur where there is too osmosis and flexible between the borders. A strong layer between family and work will benefit to certain people (Edwards and Rothbard 1999). Based on the responses form 1700 employees, researchers found out that borders between family and work are tightly mpacted by the perceptions of importance to employees about work and family. It simply means that how they put weight between work and family. For people who feel their work is not important and pervade work into family domain is classified as intrusive. In other hand, for those who think their families are more important an intrusive of work into family domain will not happened. Also, Frone et al. (1992) found out that conflict between family members and more common than conflict between managers and employees. The proportion of family conflict is 60% while work conflict is only 20%. It can be seen from this theory that there is a need of communication to achieve work-family balance. That communication is supportive communication. Coaching is processes that will help you get your people t do their best work (Florence 1999). Therefore, coaching and counseling is one of the main tools of supportive communication. With coaching it can help to improve ability problem. Manager can give direction and advice to help employees to understand their weakness so as to improve them. Individuals will not have negative feelings since managers are coaching instead of blaming, even negative feedback is given ndividuals can recognize their problem and get improvement. In this way positive image and relationship is built. Moreover, the second scenario is described about the academic stress. Author of this article said that Emotional support had a main effect on depression and informational support has effect on physical illness. Emotional support is attentive listening, notarize the experience of emotional experience and expression, and states which negative cognitions and emotions can be effectively processed. While informational supportive effect on physical illness, informational support, included iving advice, information and training, this kind of support help student to engage healthy activity, such as healthy eating, doing enough exercise and enough sleep. This study was design to inspect the extent of supportive communication mitigate between students heath and academic health. With these two methods of supportive communication, students can release stress cause by assignments exams and all other academic tests. Advice from informational support can help student keeping themselves healthy at any time, not study too late in exam, or spend all night before exam without resting. In this case, physically and mentally are also supported because of an essential kind of communication supportive communication. Finally, this method can reduce the risk of failing the course and exclude from the university. The last scenario we have talk about is also evaluate on students, it is about academic risk is a Junction of individual, social, and cultural communication phenomena. Roueche Roueche (1994) stated that those family who had supportive communication is important to help in motivating at-risk-student to succeed, while this kind of communication teach students social norms are needed in the college nvironment. Garard Hunt (1998) and Hunt Lippert (1999) state that improvement in communication skill will improvement academic success. There are some approaches of education risk focus on students characteristics inherent. Epidemiological model, which had mentioned before, identifies students who are at the edge of failure requirements of college need if they process deficient characteristics. The students with this character usually engage learning disable or low self-esteem. Under this model many students had improved their grade by understanding their weakness of individuals characteristics. Since communication had create while advisor giving advice and teaching what students should do in a positive way, supportive communication has being build. Then social constructivist Model (Richardson et al. 1989) suggested that certain student may at-risk in different classroom. They will change their attitude according to environment and to the person they are communicating to. Educators should interact with student by encounter their daily basic to classify the difference. This model also has the outcome of improve communication on teachers and students while teachers are bserving and encountering their students. The CBS program had mention in pervious paragraph state that this program gives students information and advice to help them reduce academic risk. This is also a kind of supportive communication. This program makes communication more success. Albrecht Adelman (1987), Granovetter (1973) and Haythornthwaite (2000) suggested that the program develops strong bridge between student and advisor through frequent communication. Individuals build strong relationship base on intimacy, self-disclosure and many types of interactions. Again, this program need plenty of communication between individuals, advisors, family, friends and teachers, they are going to interact with each other under this program, so communication has been build. Also, this kind of support towards study, therefore, it is a kind of supportive communication. From all of the above discuss, we can see there are five advantages can be classified. Firstly, with supportive communication by managers to employees, the organizations become more productive. Workers work more efficient and effective because of positive communication being obtain form manager. Blaming can change to advice. Secondly, manager attentive listening, consulting and coaching give rights to positive feedback and feeling while communicating with workers. Better relationship and better workplace atmosphere can be built. Thirdly, family conflict is decrease. When family and friends are supporting each other in their work and study, they will feel warm and comfortable, a well relationship also being built by supportive communication in this way. Fourthly, with the help of Epidemiological Model, Social Constructivist Model and CBS program at-risk-academic student is reduced. When processing this program and practicing this model, communication and trust will create, and these factors are essential component of supportive communication. Lastly, academic stress had decrease because of supportive communication. Emotional and informational communication helps students to realize their weakness and improve them. This two communication also factors of support communication. There are so many advantages to supportive communication, however, there are several limitations to supportive communication. Firstly, organization need to spend time and resources on training manager the way f positive communication to employees, the resources can be use in other way which may give organization more profit. Secondly, same as educational institution, they can use the resources in many other ways, like build some welfare facilities. Thirdly, there is limitation in doing research in addition to calculate participants result about others behavior, some kind of support behavior in third party objective method should be taken place. Also, they can be more ethical when choosing sample, because individual are from different country and with different culture, herefore, behavior maybe different to some extent. To conclude, supportive communication is a kind of communication which communicates accurately, honestly without Jeopardizing interpersonal relationship. Accurate message will enhance positive supportive communication. Good relationship will build up when two people are interchange idea accurately, patiently, and in a good manner. Researcher had done survey to understand what supportive communication is. Everywhere need supportive communication to improve a better off communication between each other. Workplace is one of the example we have een talking about, manager use supportive communication method when communicate with workers. Research found out that proportion in percentage of work conflict is greater than percentage in family conflict. Border theory had been use to distinguish boundaries between workplace and family, in this many family conflict can be avoided. Emotional and informational support communication from friends and family can help reducing academic stress. Epidemiological Model, Social Constructivist Model and BCS program had used to help improve support between one and other. This essay had provided information of lead to a better nderstanding communication direction needs base on research by models, hypothesis and survey. Reference: Albrecht, T. L. , Adelman, M. B. (1987). Communication networks as structures of social support, Communicating social support 56(12): 40-63 Bentley, T. 1999. The space between. Management Services, 43(10):24-26 Burleson, B. R. and Goldsmith, D. J. Andersen, P. A. and Guerrero, L. (1998). How the comforting process works: Alleviating emotional distress through conversationally induced reappraisals. Handbook of communication and emotion , 246-281. Claire H. L. , Steven J. K. , Chris P. Stephen J. V. (2006), Impact Factor on Wok -Family Balance: Initial Support for Border Theory, Organization Development Journal, 24(3): Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53(1 5): 747-770. Cole, M. (1999), Become the leader followers want to follow. Supervision, 60(12): 9-11 Edwards, J. R. , Rothbard, N. P. (1999), Work and family stress and well-being: An examination of person-environment fit in the work and family domains. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 77, 85-129. Erina L. M. , Wendy S. Seth J. G. (2005), Academic Stress, Supportive communication, and Health 1, Communication Education, 54(4): 365-372 Frone, M. R. , Russell, M. , Cooper, M. L. (1992). Prevalence of work-family conflict: Are work and family boundaries asymmetrically permeable? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 723-729. Florence, M. S, (1999), Boost employees performance the right way: How to choose and use the right technique to boost employee performance, Coaching and counseling and monitoring 4(2), 10-20 Garard, D. L. , Hunt, S. K. (1998). Determining academic risk: An investigation of tudents communication apprehension and cognitive style.

How to Write Original Creative Writing Essays Complete Guide for Arts Essays

How to Write Original Creative Writing Essays Complete Guide for Arts Essays Have a creative writing essay due soon? Our film theatre studies guide covers both long-term strategies to writing essays and emergency tips for extra quick writing techniques. Read on to save yourself and let creative juices flow. What is a Creative Essay? Creative essays are an all-time favourite. They are spontaneous essays with no restrictions, guidelines or structure. Creative essays are non-fiction essays written from the point of view of the author. They are aesthetic, imaginative and as far as non-fiction can allow, factual. Creative essays include; memoir, biographies, book reviews, travel reports. Other forms of fictitious creative writing include; short stories, poems, hybrid essays, dramatic monologues, plays and flash fiction. However, all creative essays have one thing in common: they are all focused on telling a story, whether real, imagined or both. As fun as creative writing may be, a lot of folks still struggle to get a piece out. This is because unlike most essays, creative essays are written from the heart and depend majorly on originality and imagination.   So, before we get started, my first advise will be this: write from your heart. Choosing the Right Topic: A Few Suggestions from Our Writers What story do you want to tell? How do you want to tell it? Who is your audience? These are a few of the questions to put in mind before writing a creative essay. Like it was said before, write from your heart. It is easier to tell your story than tell someone elses. In telling your story, you can easily draw from the rich store of memories, personal experiences, imaginations and dreams you have. Take time to brainstorm. Think about what you want to write on. Most times in a fit of excitement, you may be tempted to start writing immediately without thinking through. If the idea is not deep and sustaining enough, the flow of ideas may cease and you may be disappointed or discouraged to continue. Take a walk. Go to a quiet place or go to your favourite spot to get your muse on. If you keep a journal, now is the best time to read it to recollect memories and gather inspiration. You may want to read a few pages of your favourite book or literary journals to get inspiration, watch your favourite movie or put your favourite song on replay. Soon enough ideas will begin to trickle in:   it may be a dream you had, an idea, a memory or interactions with your friends and family. Get out your writing materials and pen these ideas down. Ideas are fleeting and may come in with such a rush yoyo may forget them. You will want to capture as many as you can on paper. Dont be bothered if your ideas dont have a flow or structure. There are no worries, let them be as loose and as spontaneous as they can be, when you begin to write you will see them take form. Over time, the more you write, the more you will be able to arrange the flow of your ideas and put them in order, even in the first draft without having to write a second draft. A couple of ideas/writers prompts that may come to mind for fictitious creative writing include: Some lines from a favourite song; A favourite childhood memory; A rewrite of a favourite romantic or comedy movie; A re-adaptation of a favourite book; A favourite writing quote; A creative essay on a favourite author; A recurring dream; A life turning experience: accident, death of a loved one or a near death experience. Another couple of sample topics for writing creative non-fiction essays include: A short biography of a favourite author; A travel report on a tour destination with significant historical cultural and artistic value; A book report on an engaging book you read during the course; perhaps a compelling story from Charles Dickens, Jane Austen or Toni Morrison. Pre Writing Tips: Get Ready to Be Creative As the ideas trickle in, dont be in a hurry to put and arrange them into paragraphs or structure them. You may stifle the stream of thoughts that come in. Before you set out to start writing, do following steps. Free Writing Write as much as you can, as fast you can. This is called speed writing. The aim of speed writing is to get your natural voice and flow. Sometimes in an effort to make the first draft coherent and creative you may alter your writing voice and sound like some popular creative writer. Because you are not being yourself,   you lose your writing voice and make a poor imitation of a skilled writer who took time to develop his own writing voice.   Patiently develop yours too. Write freely and try not to bother if the piece is not logical or coherent enough. Stay on track and see where your train of thought takes you. You will be pleasantly surprised. Research So you have a story you want to tell, and just enough framework to build your story. Where do you get meat to add to your skeleton? Research. You may not need to browse the internet to get the information you need. Interviewing friends, families, cross checking dates, tracing family trees and scouting old newspapers are just a few of the methods of researching information to add to your story. Research adds depth and originality to fiction writing and makes non-fiction writings verifiable and factual. If you plan on writing a biography or a book report, take time to research on the author you wish to write on. Of course, you cant cover the entire aspect of the person you wish to write on, so how about covering a significant aspect of the persons life? Was the person engaged in a social reformation? Do you love the persons style of writing or use of words? Is there an aspect of his personal life that means something to you? Go ahead and delve in detailed research. You dont want to mar the image of the author because of inadequate research. Journaling The importance of a journal can never be over emphasised. Journals help you build patience, consistency, good observatory skills and an   ability to write whether you are inspired or not. Journals also make excellent muses when you need inspiration to write. Reading through past writings can birth ideas that make good foundations for a different story entirely. You dont have to record day to day experiences, you can record dreams, memories, quotes, phrases and songs that strike deep chords between you. Record moods, feelings, observations and certain bouts of ideas that seem to pop from nowhere. When you write your creative essay and you seem stuck, get out your journal and write anything that comes to mind. Sketching an Outline As you follow these tips, you will see your essay slowly take shape and form. It shows you are almost there. After researching and gathering just the right amount of information to enrich your essay, the next thing is to sketch an outline of the essay. A creative essay, like every other essay has 4 parts: A title, An introduction, A body, A conclusion. In your sketch, make these four parts into headers and list the necessary points under each. You will learn how to develop an outline as you read on. Write the First Draft The first draft may be just as messy as the free writing.   Not to worry. The aim of the first draft is to arrange sentences into paragraphs that are logical and flow into each other. You write freely, but with focus. Use the sketched outline as a guide, building slowly on the points listed under each heading. Dont worry about grammar, spellings 6 and punctuation. Just focus on writing out your ideas logically. Shape up the Title Most creative writers dont bother about the title of their essay until they are done writing. By the time they are finished writing, the title comes naturally to them. Here are a few points to consider when choosing a title: Titles should be catchy. A good way to do this is to use short sentences that sum up the essay. Sentences could be made of two or more sentences, usually beginning with an article. For example: A Forgotten Memory. The Scary Dream, The Cafeteria, The Three Brothers. Another way to create catchy titles is using figures of speech: metaphor, personification, oxymoron, paradox, hyperbole is just a few of the figures of speech to use. For example, A Nest of Lies, Chasing Shadows, The Tall Tale. The title could be gotten from the subject matter itself. For example, My Father, My Favourite Author, My Favourite Thinking Spot. The title can be lifted word for word from the source of inspiration; a quote, a song, a book or a movie. For example, As you Like it. Writing an Impressive Creative Essay A creative essay is structured like any other essay; it has the introduction, body and conclusion. However to further understand how a creative essay on structured   the online can also be divided into Set up Confrontation Resolution Introduction/ Set up There are no hard and fast rules on how to introduce your creative essay. However since its a short story, its better to get right into the action without wasting time. In the set up, you introduce the setting of the story, the characters involved and how they relate to one another. Also introduce the scene of the story; describe the time, day and environment where the story takes place. Introduce your main character and the other supporting characters that build up your story. Engage the senses of your readers by using vivid descriptions or narratives, imagery and appropriate tone. In the introduction, your readers should be able to infer a plot development from the description you have given. Body/ Confrontation The body consists of paragraphs that are chronological and connected. Slowly build up the plot in the body or change the mood and setting of the story. The body also contains the confrontation, which is the turning point of the story. The turning point could be a point of conflict when things suddenly go the opposite way, or when the main character faces an opposition or challenge. This moment can build up tempo gradually or suddenly come out of nowhere, it all depends on how you want to write it. Conclusion/Resolution In this part, the conflict is resolved, either completely or partially. The drama in the story sharpens, settles down then reaches a peak. Some writers make use of cliff hangers to whet the appetite of their readers and keep them hungry for more. It all depends on how you want to tidy up the story. Be sure to do justice to all your characters in the story. Post-Writing Tips So you are done writing your creative essay. What next? Take a Break It may be hard to take a break after completing your work. You may be so excited and in a hurry to get your essay submitted or published. No rush. Take a mental break and file your work away for a few hours or days. You will want to rest your mind so that the next time you get back to the work, you see it with fresh eyes. That way you begin to notice errors, bulky paragraphs, overflowing sentences and redundant words that either add bulk or dont fulfil the original intent.   Who knows you may see a better way of telling the story and start all over. Re-read and Re-write Read your story critically. Are there overflowing sentences, dead words, redundant paragraphs? Is the story too loose and flabby? Can you rewrite it in a more compact way? Then get back to rewriting. Seasoned writers know the story is not in the first or second draft but in the third and fourth.   The more you rewrite   the more you chisel away flab and fluff and refine existing ways of telling the story. Make each word earn its space on the page. Or perhaps you discovered a better perspective of capturing your story, dont be scared to haul out the work and start from the top. It will be worth the effort. Proofread Give your work to a second party to read. You may not be as critical as you ought to about your writings and a second pair of eyes may just be what you need to highlight errors. Dont take corrections and criticism too hard, welcome them. They may be just what you need to give your work the shine it needs. Formatting A lot of people forget to format their writing according to the editors/teachers specifications. This can be the reason why your work is rejected or poorly scored. Before submissions, take time to note the required formatting for submissions. Font type, font size, line spacing, page numbering and use of headers are a few of the specifications to have in mind. Perhaps the Most Useful Tip from Our Top Writers: Creative writing essays are fun to write. Spontaneity, variety and freedom of expression are a few of the characteristics that make these essays an all-time favourite. The key to writing successfully is to write from the heart. Once you have a sufficient pool of thought and ideas to draw from, it gets easy from there. Research, free writing, sketching, outlining and writing the first and second drafts are just additional tips to help you refine and sculpt your ideas. If you have a hard time coming up with an idea, start keeping a journal today. You will be amazed!

Lazy Word Choice

Lazy Word Choice Lazy Word Choice Lazy Word Choice By Maeve Maddox Thanks to today’s instant communication, words used by one blogger or celebrity catch on at an astounding rate, spilling over into advertising, entertainment, and website comments. One evening I became aware of two television ads airing back to back. One was for a telephone service; the other for a car. Both hammered the word crazy to describe features of their products: â€Å"crazy, crazy generous, crazy efficient, crazy protection.† This mindless kind of usage strips words of meaning. It wastes the power of words that have more appropriate uses. Take this headline, for example: Daylight Saving Time Is Americas Greatest Shame Shame can be used in more than one sense, including a fairly meaningless social convention: â€Å"It’s a shame you couldn’t join us for dinner.† Used as it is in the headline, however, shame is a strong word, calling up images of the Indian removals known as the Trail of Tears, the WWII internment camps for U.S. citizens of Japanese descent, and the Tuskegee syphilis experiments that used untreated black Americans as a control group. Daylight Saving Time may be a fraud. It may be annoying, unnecessary, disruptive or any number of disagreeable things, but is it really â€Å"America’s Greatest Shame†? Sometimes the intended purpose of a piece of writing calls for deliberate misuse of words. Advertising and political speeches come to mind. We live under a constant verbal barrage. It’s impossible to ignore the catch phrases of our culture. They enter our minds and speech. If we are writers, they creep into our first drafts. Happily, we can replace poorly chosen words as we revise. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Types of LanguageBroadcast vs Broadcasted as Past Form75 Synonyms for â€Å"Hard†

Gender and the effectiveness of leadership Research Paper

Gender and the effectiveness of leadership - Research Paper Example Leadership is defined as an art and science of influence (Emmerik, 2010). In the past, males were believed that they were blessed with the ability to practice leadership and females were considered ideal for occupying the subordinate roles in the organizations (Jogulu, 2006). Nevertheless, with the passage of time, females’ ability to practice leadership grew and therefore, many of them managed to break the so-called glass ceiling in the organizations that are operating in a vast range of industry (Kolb, 2013). The basic and fundamental purpose of the study is to run a descriptive investigation with reference to males and females’ capability of practicing leadership. The study will be conducted in order to evaluate the presence of the glass ceiling in the local corporate market (Mavin, 2012). Following are the research question and hypotheses respectively (Maleki, 2011). The character of the study will be experimental in nature Literature review Females as Effective Leaders Reports show that male and female leadership styles get influenced for their tasks and considerations based upon the organizational-structure (Maleki, 2011). This structure puts that one’s position in the hierarchy, rather than the gender influences the leadership style. The gender-organization and the gender-organization system develop that gender and organization system combine to influence the leadership behavior in an independent and interactive method (Jogulu, 2006). Major research in the area of gender and leadership stereo typicality show that the workplace is either self -perception centered or subordinate centered, based upon the female or male leadership behavior. ... The character of the study will be experimental in nature Literature review Females as Effective Leaders Reports show that male and female leadership styles get influenced for their tasks and considerations based upon the organizational-structure (Maleki, 2011). This structure puts that one’s position in the hierarchy, rather than the gender influences the leadership style. The gender-organization and the gender-organization system develop that gender and organization system combine to influence the leadership behavior in an independent and interactive method (Jogulu, 2006). Major research in the area of gender and leadership stereo typicality show that the workplace is either self -perception centered or subordinate centered, based upon the female or male leadership behavior. In most of the cases, gender differentiation has been more frequently reported by their subordinates rather than by the leaders themselves (Mavin, 2012). Marissa Mayer who is a CEO of Yahoo proved hersel f as the effective leader as she successfully managed to stimulate growth in the company by taking bold and concrete measures. The removal of policy supporting telecommuting is the most risky decision she took after becoming a leader. The featured lady challenged and nullified the presumption that under her command people can manage to take things easy because female leaders are weak when it comes to implementing discipline. The featured leader proved the common belief wrong by tightening the strings. The females that are leading the show for famous companies are known for their dedication towards discipline whereas; they tend to follow mechanistic philosophy in terms of organizational management. Elena Ford who is Vice President of Consumer Experience

To write a case discussing the following using the succession issue in Study

To write a discussing the following using the succession issue in the article as a filter - Case Study Example This short paper looks at some of the important considerations before Mr. Perez can make up his mind. Although Mr. Buffett and his co-manager, which is Mr. Munger, have both agreed that Mr. Todd Combs fits their criteria for their successor, the market did not react very favorably. In fact, on the date of their announcement of an heir apparent, the stock price of the Berkshire Hathaway shares had slumped by 1.3% on the news (Ng, Pulliam & Zuckerman 1). Obviously the market is not as enthusiastic about Mr. Combs as both Mr. Buffett and Mr. Munger are. There are several important issues that must be resolved in full satisfaction for such an important matter as succession as a fund manager of several billions worth of investments. In particular, the markets did not share their confidence in Mr. Combs purported ability to make the same investment decisions as Mr. Buffett had made over the years to build his Berkshire Hathaway into a real giant in the investment world. A memorandum-letter that follows in the next pages details some of the crucial considerations to arrive at a sound risk assessment. Greetings and good day! It has come to our attention that you are interested to make an investment in Berkshire Hathaway but is concerned about the succession issue at the firm once Mr. Buffett retires soon. The firm had found a worthy successor in the person of a Mr. Todd Combs whom both Mr. Buffett and Mr. Munger had announced to a be a perfect fit. In this connection, here is our assessment of the investment risks involved once Mr. Combs will take over the entire management of Berkshire Hathaway’s investing activities. Investment Philosophy – perhaps this is the most crucial issue or aspect whenever the issue of succession is discussed in any organization, more especially in an investment firm. In this connection, Mr. Combs was found by Messrs. Buffett and Munger to fit exactly with the

Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effective Evaluation Methods Useful for Evaluating Effective Training Essay Example for Free

Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effective Evaluation Methods Useful for Evaluating Effective Training Essay For over a hundred years the concept of both cost-benefit evaluation and cost-effective evaluation methods has been used for numerous fields and industries to see the positive and negative sides of undertaking a project. These methods has been used to analyze public health; transportation; and etc. Each and every company would rather see more of profits than losses. Employers see that their employees and the trainings are investments to their business. Hence, employers need to have assurances that the trainings that they give out to their employees would be both beneficial to the employers in terms of profit and as well as return of investment (ROI). In order to gain much profit, the employers need to have their employees be up to par with industry standards with avant-garde skills through effective training. Employers do take note that in order to have highly qualified employees they need to give effective and quality training. Using the above mentioned evaluation methods would let the employers know: how much it would cost them to train their employees; the duration of the training – would determine the effectiveness and implementation of the skills. Then again these methodologies are not full-proof as there are numerous factors to be taken note of, to guarantee one hundred percent success rate of these trainings such as: the capabilities of their employees, the willingness of their employees to learn these trainings; and finally applying them during operation. The use of these evaluation methods can be a rough guide to corporations and institutions, to name a few, to see the quality and assess projected costs of trainings and steps to be taken. With such projections yielded by these methods one may be on track with their project management and asset management.

Diseases :: essays papers

Diseases Diseases are any harmful change that interferes with the normal appearance, structure, or function of the body or any of its parts. Since time immemorial, disease has played a role in the history of societies. It has affected and has been affected by economic conditions, wars, and natural disasters. An epidemic of influenza that swept the globe in 1918 killed between 20 million and 40 million people. Within a few months, more than 500,000 Americans died^more than were killed during World War I (1914-1918), World War II (1939-1945), the Korean War (1950-1953), and the Vietnam War (1959-1975) combined. Diseases have diverse causes, which can be classified into two broad groups: communicable and noncommunicable. Communicable diseases can spread from one person to another and are caused by microscopic organisms that invade the body. Noncommunicable diseases are not communicated from person to person and do not have, or are not known to involve, infectious agents. Some diseases, such as the common cold, and come on suddenly and last for no more than a few weeks. Other diseases, such as arthritis, are chronic, consistent for months or years, or reoccur frequently. Every disease has certain characteristic effects on the body. Some of these effects, include fever, inflammation, pain, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, and rashes, are evident to the patient. These symptoms offer important clues that help doctors and other health care professionals make a diagnosis. Many times, the symptoms point to several possible disorders. In those cases, doctors rely on medical tests, such as blood examinations and X rays, to confirm the diagnosis. Communicable diseases are caused by microscopic organisms. Physicians refer to these disease-causing organisms as pathogens. Pathogens that infect humans include a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, and parasitic worms. Also, it has been theorized that some proteins called prions may cause infectious diseases. Bacteria are microscopic single-celled organisms at least 1 micron long. Some bacteria species are harmless to humans, many are beneficial. But some are pathogens, including those that cause cholera, diphtheria, leprosy, plague, pneumonia, strep throat, tetanus, tuberculosis, and typhoid fever. The bacteria that are harmless and live in or on you are called resident bateria. Viruses are tens or hundreds of times smaller than bacteria. They are not cellular, but consist of a core of genetic material surrounded by a protective coat of protein. Viruses are able to survive and reproduce only in the living cells of a host. Once a virus invades a living cell, it directs the cell to make new virus particles. These new viruses are released into the surrounding tissues, and seek out new cells to infect.

Is it ethical to expel children carrying drugs or alcohol to school

Last year, over â€Å"1000 schoolchildren were suspended, excluded or expelled from New Zealand schools last year for drugs or alcohol-related offences, with the youngest aged 8† (Stuff, 2013). The Ministry of Education released figures showing that one In ten children who had action taken against them in relation to substances in the year 2012, was under 12 years of age (Stuff, 2013). The Education Amendment Act has come under scrutiny as It priorities the right to privacy of students.Effectively It means that schools would lose their authority to search and seize narcotics and conduct random drug tests. This, many educationalists argue, would worsen the problem. The ethical Issue that arises In this case amongst others Is whether schools should continue to retain their search and seizure powers or should the privacy of the students be given priority as per the Education Amendment Bill. Another key issue that is begging resolution is the dilemma of whether or not, children fo und in possession of drugs and alcohol, should be expelled or excluded.Is expulsion of a child found In possession of narcotics in the best Interests of society and the child In question? It is important to also mention that since most of the children procured the absences from a knowing or unknowing adult, should the adult be vicariously responsible for the child take responsibility and face the consequences Instead of letting the child take the fall? Is It not the responsibility of the parent to ensure that children stay away from vices until they are old enough to judge for themselves?Due 1 OFF expulsion and attempt to provide some insight into whether or not it is the best course of action to employ. Thomas Hobbes (1651) proposed the idea that â€Å"in order to flourish, we need a peaceful, cooperative social order† (Reaches & Reaches, 2010, p. 0). Hobbes goes on to say that if there were no institutions to enforce order, we would be free to do whatever we wanted. This wo uld eventually lead to a state of perpetual chaos. He has called this state of chaos â€Å"the state of nature† and it's opposite â€Å"civil state† (Reaches & Reaches, 2010).This means that in order to live harmoniously, we must abide by a set of rules that are accepted by everyone and applies to everyone equally. Hobbes was of the opinion that the four basic facts about human life were the reason for the existence of this social contract. He theorized firstly, that each of us requires the same basic things in order to survive, secondly, scarcity is omnipresent and we need to work hard to produce the things we need. Third on the list is the equality of human power (united we stand, divided we fall).Finally, there is limited altruism, which implies that we cannot assume that others will stand down when their interests conflict with ours. Since we do not learn the accepted rules of society on our own, we have schoolteachers and parents who amongst other things teach us how to behave in a socially acceptable manner. School helps us learn to build and maintain relationships. Most importantly attending school empowers us with knowledge to survive in the real world. Take school out of the equation and that leaves Just parents.Now consider the case of a young child who has gotten himself expelled for being curious about his parent's secret drug stash. Unable to attend school, he might not realize the difference between a Joke and a crime because he is unaware of right and wrong, socially acceptable and unacceptable. He may develop an insecurity employ as he probably feels helpless and is shunned by his parents. These factors might lead him to become a criminal or worse, a drug addict. It is quite obvious that criminals and drug addicts are anti-social elements that need to be removed from the setting.It is safe to say that not all criminals are school dropouts however, most addicted to drugs haven't been educated about the consequences of substance abu se and are helplessly addicted. The Social Contract Theory maintains that we need a social order in order to flourish. The only way to eliminate most of anti-social elements is to ensure that kids found in possession of drugs or alcohol remain in school to learn how to behave appropriately, and eventually grow up to become conscientious and responsible adults.The theory of Utilitarianism as stated by Reaches & Reaches (2010) encompasses three categories. Firstly, actions can be Judged to be right or wrong depending on the consequences it brings about. Secondly, in terms of examining consequences, all that matters is the amount of happiness or unhappiness the action in question creates; person is more important than the other. This means that actions should be Judged as right or wrong depending on the amount of happiness or unhappiness everyone experiences as a consequence.Thus a deduction can be made that Utilitarian are essentially consequentialness, as they determine the ethical v alue based on an answer to the question â€Å"what would happen as a result of doing it? † (Reaches & Reaches, 2010, p. 111). Utilitarianism is divided into two categories namely, Act and Rule Utilitarianism. Act Utilitarian believe that an action must be Judged by the consequences it causes (Reaches & Reaches, 2010, p. 22). Rule Utilitarian believe that an action must be Judged on the consequence of the action becoming the norm that everyone lived by (Reaches & Reaches, 2010, p. 18-119). Therefore it can be said that Utilitarianism Judges actions based on whether they yield the best consequences and happiness for everyone or not. Upon application of the Utilitarian approach to the issue of expulsion, the action of excluding children who are found in possession of narcotics or alcohol would produce two possible consequences. Firstly, because the child has been expelled, he ay lose interest in studying altogether. It is a proven fact that schools provide a protective environme nt that shields people from drug abuse (Bell, 2013).If they are unable to stay in that protected environment before entering the proverbial ‘real world' there is a chance that they may be negatively influenced and resort to a life of crime, drug abuse and other anti-social behavior. The second consequence of one child caught in possession of drugs being expelled could serve as an example to the other children. This might cause them to refrain from coming in contact with drugs earning punishment.Although the second consequence appears to be feasible, as many children would benefit from one child being expelled and being made an example of, it is not guaranteed that other children will not indulge in drugs and alcohol outside school. Also, going by Rule Utilitarianism, if expelling children became the norm, crime, unemployment and illiteracy rates would rise and this in turn would affect the entire nation negatively. Therefore, Act and Rule Utilitarian would agree that expelling children found in possession of narcotics would be very unethical, as it loud cause much more unhappiness than happiness.Also, since Utilitarian believe that everyone's happiness is equal, and that motives and intentions don't matter, causing unhappiness to one child and to the general population in the long run by expelling him from school is something they would advocate against. In conclusion, I have explored the idea of a Social Contract and the Utilitarian approach in terms of the case to determine whether or not expelling children found to be in possession of narcotics or alcohol is ethical. Taking into consideration theSocial Contract, and the possible consequences of Act and Rule based Utilitarianism I have deduced that expulsion or exclusion from school is not the best course of action. In order to suit everyone's interests, it is crucial that the kids remain in school where they have the opportunity to learn about narcotics and socially acceptable behavior in a controlled and protected environment. After all, they are children, unable to distinguish between right and wrong, and in this case, it is imperative that Children are the future of any country and it is our moral duty to ensure that all sections we take have their best interests at heart.

Activating Communities for Hunger Relief Efforts

The San Francisco-Marin Food Bank on Behalf of App Users By abashedly Activating Communities for Hunger Relief Efforts, foodstuffs(TM) Donates to The San Franciscans Food Bank on Behalf of App Users 1 888 parallelism Free Mobile App Promotes Healthier Communities by Providing Weight Management Tools while Fighting Hunger Through Food Bank Donations.Oklahoma City, K footwear's is a free app that combines weight management with feeding the hung ray by donating to food banks such as the San Francisco Marin Food Bank In San Francisco, CA. Joining a nationwide network of footwear's affiliated food banks, the San Franciscans Food Bank continues Its work to build healthier communities while engaging locals through technology to sup port a cause. In order for the the San Francisco Marin Food Bank to receive donations from footwear's, a user must report â€Å"tweezing† (cutting calories from their food) to the app.Once footwear's race elves the number of calories that a weight consciou s consumer has chosen to eliminate from their food, the food bank will receive a donation in that amount. An equal number of nutritious calories will then b e distributed to hungry families in the area. â€Å"The SF Marin Food Bank is pleased to begin our partnership with footwear's to enable con summer to support our work to end hunger In our community,† said Blain Johnson, Food Bank m Edie relations manager. It is important to us that footwear's aligns with our goal to promote healthy com unities. Support from footwear's will allow us to provide healthy food to families in need. † As a food bank that distributes 105,000 meals worth of food every day, the San Franca compare Food Bank is a partnering food bank that supports many struggling members of the communities I s serves. The 46 million pounds it distributes each year can now be supported by weight conscious, cause conscious, consumers who appreciate the impact foodstuffs will have on their neighbors. Towhees make s it possible for consumers to be â€Å"heroes† who serve their comma entitles at no cost of time make the process of donating to their community even easier, footwear's allows users to post a â€Å"tweak† on Faceable or Twitter which doubles or triples each donation. The approach consists of footwear's users simply telling the app what food they ar e thinking of buying, eating or preparing.The app instantly displays images of suggested â€Å"tweets† that re move enough calories to make a positive difference but not in a way that changes the taste or leaves users hungry. To provide users with this simple tool, footwear's maintains a corkscrewed picture e database of more than 44,000 small changes that show users how to â€Å"tweak† everything from a particular ar brand of cheeseburger at a national restaurant chain to grocery store purchases, and homemade e dishes of every kind. s proud and excited to support the San Francisco Marin Food Bank,† said Elise Shannon, footwear's Executive Vice President of Partnership Development. â€Å"The San Francis Marin Food Bank is a highly committed and respected organization that provides outstanding service to of dimensioned members of our community. † footwear's is rapidly expanding its partner base to food banks all across the nation, with more Joining each week, said Ms. Shannon, herself a former food bank executive. Food banks that wish to affiliate with footwear's may contact Ms.Shannon by email at Elise ( @ ) foodstuffs dot com dot Jay Walker, the inventor of footwear's, is also the chairman of Patent Properties and curator of TEEMED, the health and medicine edition of the famous TED conference. A noted entrepreneur r, Mr.. Walker has founded three companies that serve more than 50 million customers. He is best know n as the creator of Principle, which brought a new level of value to the travel industry. Http:// www. foodstuffs. Com HTTPS://www. Faceable. Com/Foodstuffs HTTPS ://twitter. Com/Foodstuffs HTTPS://foodstuffs. Tumbler. Com

Filo Essays - Ondertitel, Basis Van, Ervaring, Manier, Kies, Rust

Filo Essays - Ondertitel, Basis Van, Ervaring, Manier, Kies, Rust Filo Essayopdracht over hoofdstuk 3 Kennis en Weten Schrijf een essay onder de werktitel Kennis ? een venster op de werkelijkheid of een product van mijn geest? Je presenteert in dit essay twee filosofische theorie?n over het proces van kennisverwerving en legt uit op welke punten ze van elkaar verschillen. Kies hiervoor een rationalist en een empirist. Vervolgens leg je aan je lezer uit waarom de ene theorie volgens jou een overtuigender antwoord biedt op de gestelde vraag dan de andere. Schrijf je essay op basis van de hierna volgende richtlijnen. Beperk je bij het schrijven tot n gedachte per alinea. Begin met een eerste versie. De verfraaiing ? stilistisch en anderszins ? komt daarna pas. Je kunt rust en systeem in je schrijven brengen door je werkstuk alvast in te delen overeenkomstig de hieronder volgende 8 punten. Kennis ? een venster op de werkelijkheid of een product van mijn geest? 1Werktitel Als je klaar bent met het schrijven van je essay kun je de werktitel desgewenst vervangen door een eigen titel, eventueel met een ondertitel. Een goede titel is zowel zakelijk als pakkend: hij dekt de lading en spreekt de lezer direct aan. 2Inleiding en probleemstelling -Begin je essay met een levendige schets van een concrete ervaring of situatie die je lezer op een directe manier met je onderwerp confronteert. Welke ervaring of situatie je hier schetst is aan jou. Eis: je schets moet aansluiten op de probleemstelling. -Vervolgens formuleer je op basis van deze schets het probleem dat je aan de orde wilt stellen: we menen dat onze kennis betrekking heeft op de werkelijkheid, maar kunnen we daar wel zo zeker van zijn? Slaat datgene wat we weten op de werkelijkheid zelf of is onze kennis slechts een product van onze eigen geest? 3Aankondiging Nu schets je hoe je deze vraag gaat uitwerken. Je geeft aan: -welke filosofen je achtereenvolgens gaat bespreken en vergelijken; -om te kunnen zien wie het meest overtuigende antwoord biedt op je probleem; -eventueel kun je alvast vooruitlopen op de conclusie, maar om de spanning erin te houden kun je die ook in het midden laten. 4Filosoof 1 -Geef hier een uitwerking van de wijze waarop deze filosoof het proces van kennisverwerving beschrijft. Doe dit met het oog op de vraag die je in de inleiding hebt geformuleerd: kunnen we wel zo zeker zijn dat onze kennis betrekking heeft op de werkelijkheid en niet slechts een product is van de geest? Dat betekent dat je die punten moet accentueren waaraan je de argumenten voor een antwoord op deze vraag kunt ontlenen. -Benoem stilzwijgende vooronderstellingen, principi?le uitgangspunten en formuleer aan de hand daarvan eventuele vragen en/of bezwaren, uiteraard alleen als ze relevant zijn voor je centrale vraag. -Eindig deze paragraaf met een tussenconclusie: hoe zou deze filosoof je vraag beantwoorden? 5Filosoof 2 -Verwerk hier de wijze waarop de tweede filosoof het proces van kennisverwerving beschrijft. Ook hier uiteraard de vraag uit de inleiding in het oog houden: betreft kennis de werkelijkheid zelf of is het slechts een product van de geest? Weer accentueer je de punten waaraan je argumenten kunt ontlenen. -Benoem weer eventuele vooronderstellingen, principi?le uitgangspunten en formuleer aan de hand daarvan relevante vragen en/of bezwaren. -Besluit opnieuw met een tussenconclusie: welk antwoord zou filosoof 2 geven op je uitgangsvraag? 6Vergelijking en kritische beoordeling Beschrijf puntsgewijs eerst de overeenkomsten en vervolgens, op basis daarvan, de verschillen tussen beide filosofen. Laat hier duidelijk je eigen stem horen: jij bent degene die uitmaakt welke van de twee filosofen je het meest overtuigt en waarom. De bij 4 en 5 geformuleerde vragen en bezwaren kunnen je hierbij behulpzaam zijn. Werk in deze vergelijking toe naar de conclusie. 7Conclusie Keer nu uitdrukkelijk terug naar de hoofdvraag. Op basis van de deelconclusies en de vergelijking formuleer je jouw antwoord op de beginvraag. Je essay hangt in de lucht als je nalaat een antwoord te formuleren. Dit antwoord: -is helder en ondubbelzinnig, bijvoorbeeld: - ja, onze kennis betreft de werkelijkheid zelf - nee, kennis is slechts een product van onze geest. - anders, namelijk?; -vat kort de doorslaggevende argumenten samen; -geeft geen nieuwe informatie. 9Ten slotte Aardig is om aan het slot terug te komen op het voorbeeld uit het begin, maar noodzakelijk is dit niet. Beoordeling De volgende aspecten van je essay wegen mee bij de beoordeling: -logische opbouw (dus houd je zoveel mogelijk aan bovengeschetste opbouw); -concreetheid (geef voorbeelden); -kritische bespreking van vooronderstellingen en uitgangspunten (onder andere in je

Data Integration and Data Quality

Data Integration and Data Quality Data is very crucial to organizations because it is the major reference tool that can be used when decisions are to be made. There are two elements of data that go hand in hand and they are namely data integration and data quality. Data integration involves merging information from various sources to make a single pile of information that can be understood by users.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Data Integration and Data Quality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is because when a user has to extract information from different sources it might be confusing to him/her hence may not be helpful. On the other hand, data quality entails accuracy and appropriateness of the information obtained from databases. This paper focuses on the differences between the two aspects of data and reviews their importance to companies. Most people think that data quality and integration is one and the same thing but this perception i s only from the perspective of a lay man. The two elements of data, that is, integration and quality are different but we need them both hence we cannot ignore either of them because they are equally important to companies and individuals. In this age of electronic transactions we need to make sure that we minimize errors and also make it simple for our consumers to grasp something from the information that they get while interacting with our systems in their day to day operations. Imhoff (2005) argues that failure to emphasize on quality and integration can lead to decline in business because customers will opt to revert to old manual techniques. Most people emphasize quality more than integration. In the final end the latest developments in technology will loose its importance if the systems are not user friendly. The systems that most companies and other institutions have rolled out were meant to make work easier both to consumers and companies’ staff. They were invented w ith the aim of improving company’s’ performance and productivity but the improvements cannot be realized if the systems don’t work as they were designed to perform. This refers to the way they process information that is input by the users. When system errors occur it is the software developers who bear the most burdens. It should be known that erroneous transactions and information occur when users don’t provide the correct details as required by the system. For instance, when one is making cash withdrawal from an automatic teller machine he/she is responsible of the response that will be provided by the ATM machine. If the customer does not enter the correct pin number, the transaction will not take place and the ATM card will not be dispensed by the machine. This is one of the best examples of how systems can be designed to deal with data quality.Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OF F Learn More Data quality is one of the protective measures that is highly valued by most companies because the records that are stored in databases can be used to trace events and for the referencing to be useful the data has to be free from errors. The data must be encoded appropriately because data can have common characters such as customer names which can be shared by various people. According to findings by META Group (2004), in data quality the main areas that attract attention are correctness, accuracy, completeness, and relevance. The correctness bit of data has been covered in the previous paragraphs. For data to be of good quality it must be complete because if some bits are missing the systems may encounter errors and fail to process the provided data. For instance, if customer’s date of birth is missing in its respective field, we can say that the data is not complete because the system cannot generate such information on its own unless it is prov ided by the user. Most of the time the missing bits could have been omitted erroneously when the data base was being developed. At times some bits of data are erased by mistake hence the ones that are left don’t make sense. In such cases the lost or missing data has to be recovered using the relevant technologies. This is because companies cannot make important decisions when the data they are referring to is incomplete and incase a company goes ahead to make decisions without complete data the company could incur losses owed to poor strategies which are caused by misleading information (Barney, 2004). We know that records are used when making budgets and can also be referenced in future while making decisions hence companies of these days don’t compromise on data quality. In fact there are software programs that can be very useful in tracking events leading to data loss. Moreover, data should be backed up and stored in a different location so that incase a fire destro ys the company premises its data will remain intact. Data should also be updated regularly for it to retain its quality. This is because outdated data can not be useful when making decisions. It is therefore recommended that data should be updated with change of events. For instance, in health records the data should incorporate current events in the patients’ data such as the medical procedures and health developments that have been reported by the patient such as number of births. In addition, it would be best to include new items that have been introduced by the company in the data base. When this information is not added to the existing information concerning a particular patient it might be difficult for medical personnel to make decisions concerning that patient and problems can occur due to lack of certain information. Besides, the information in the database needs to be correct for it to be useful because if it is based on estimation it could be misleading.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Data Integration and Data Quality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implies that the figures and other characters should be exact. For instance, the age of the customer should be accurate and this accurateness should also be applied in company information such as location. This is because sometimes the customers want to visit the company premises but then when they access the site map of the company location it does not reflect what is on the ground (Pipino, Lee, Wang, 2002). Data integration incorporates data from other records to make a comprehensive data depending on who will need that data and how it will be used. Integrating data saves both time and money that would be spent viewing individual records. It comes with convenience for the company and its clients. The information can be arranged in a way that only data within a specific range is available to the user instead of availing a ll the data while the majority of data is irrelevant to the user (Berson Dubov, 2007). Before data can be integrated, it is important to focus on how the data is laid out in their respective sources. This means that experts have to analyze the structure of data and design a newer structure based on the compatibility of data from various foundations. This is because there are some fields which do not match and hence they may cause the data to loose its relevance to the user. For instance, in institutional records the data fields about lecturer’s date of birth may not match with students records hence the person who is deriving the integration should incorporate data based on the relationship between the data fields. Data integration is useful while making decisions because it allows the users to make comparisons of various departments in their companies. For instance, for a company to make decisions regarding loss and profits it has to focus on the records from purchases and compare the information provided to that of sales records. Data integration fosters reliable presentations because repetitions are avoided hence the system is able to deliver the required results and thus achieve customer satisfaction (META Group, 2004). For instance, when a customer is opening a new account in a company’s website if she/he enters a username that already exists, the system will notify him/her and will probably provide suggestions. When data from various databases is merged it is easy for administrators of a company to foresee events before they take place. These events include decline in sales and other disciplines that are linked to company performance.Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, if the performance from a particular department starts to fall the management will realize in good time and thus take the best action to caution the company. When data is not integrated risk management can be difficult to analyze because people would access the records that are relevant to them and ignore the rest. Data integration promotes simplicity because processes take a shorter time to be completed unlike when data is stored separately. When data is stored separately systems are forced to check for information from every individual database which takes a lot of time. This is because it has to select the data that is required from a huge amount of data. When data is integrated the required information is already grouped in one category hence processing it becomes easier. In conclusion, data quality and data integration are two different aspects but they are related because they belong to the same entity which is data. The two aspects are very important and thus sh ould be given appropriate importance because they are the elements of reliable data. Organizations such as IBM have been able to develop applications that help companies to integrate their data from different sources. This fosters data quality and thus improves productivity. Therefore, companies should manage their data well without compromising the two aspects of data. References Barney, B. (2004, June 18). Put your faith in CRM’s stewards. TechTarget. Retrieved from searchcrm.techtarget.com/news/970869/put-your-faith-in-CRMs-data-stewards Berson, A. Dubov, L. (2007). Master Data Management and Customer Data Integration for a Global Enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. Imhoff, C. (2005). Data quality or integration-which is more difficult?. BeyeNetwork. Retrieved from b-eye-network.com/blogs/imhoff/archives/2005/04/data_quality_or.php META Group (2004) The future of data integration technologies. sunopsis. Retrieved from https://portal.erp-link.com/C10/Whitepaper s/Document%20Library/The%20Future%20of%20Data%20Integration%20Technologies.pdf Pipino, L., Lee, Y., and Wang, R. (2002). Data Quality Assessment. Communications of the ACM. 45(4ve): 211-218. Retrieved from http://web.mit.edu/tdqm/www/tdqmpub/PipinoLeeWangCACMApr02.pdf

Hearsay & Crawford v. Washington Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hearsay & Crawford v. Washington - Assignment Example There are several methods used for impeachment in a court of law and these include bias, character, inconsistent statement, contradiction and competency. The court allows demonstration of bias through cross-examination for impeachment, and this involves use of personal interests such as financial stake, blood relations among others to catalyze witness bias. Similarly, character is an impeachment method that focuses on demonstrating bad character such as prior conviction or non intrinsic evidence. Inconsistent statement involves use of prior statements that do not match the current testimony for impeachment, and these may also be used as substantive evidence. On the other hand, contradiction as a method of impeachment is where the witness says two or more contradicting statements in the same testimony. Finally, competency is the impeachment method where the witness lacks the required mental capacity, or he/she cannot sense what he claims to have. The Federal Rules if Evidence defines hearsay as, "a statement, other than one made by the  declarant  while  testifying  at the  trial  or  hearing, offered in  evidence  to prove the truth of the matter asserted" (Federal Rules of Evidence, 2009). Therefore, hearsay is out-of-court evidence and thus allowing it in a court trial interferes with the methods of testing credibility. For instance, testimonial hearsay does not give a chance for impeachment of the witness in order to determine the credibility of the evidence. The Sixth Amendment states that "[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right...to be confronted with the witnesses against him† (US Supreme Court Media, 2004).  However, in some cases the court allows evidence from out-of-the-court testimony on grounds that it should be reliable evidence. This is exemplified in the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in 2004, on the case of Crawford v. Washington. Crawford, together with his wife, Sylvia, confronted and stabbed a ma n, Lee, who allegedly raped his wife. During the trial, Miranda was unable to testify as a result of the marital privilege rule of Washington, and thus, her statement was presented for the jury in the form of recorded evidence. As a result, Crawford was denied the opportunity to cross-examine witness as provided for in the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment. Hence, argued that the court violated the Confrontation Clause by allowing his wife’s recorded-statement to be used in the trial, and thus denying him a chance for cross-examination. The decision of the U.S. Supreme Court reformulated the standards for the inclusion of hearsay statements in criminal trials under the Sixth Amendment. According to the court, cross-examination is required only to admit a witness’s prior testimonial statements, which was unavailable in the case of Crawford v. Washington. Crawford v. Washington Supreme Court’s decision relied on the Ohio v. Roberts U. S. Supreme Courtâ⠂¬â„¢s decision of 1980. In this decision, the court allowed use of out-of-court testimony against the defendant so long as the testimony was reliable. On those grounds, the court determined that Sylvia’s statement was reliable and thus could be used as evidence in the trial. The trial court noted that the evidence was trustworthy and gave reasons to support its use in the criminal case against Crawford. For example, Sylvia and Crawford were interrogated separately, and the statements